Extend Qiskit in Python with C

extension-module
├── pyproject.toml
├── setup.py
└── src
    └── spectator_measures
        ├── __init__.py
        └── _coremodule.c

[build-system]
requires = [
    "setuptools",
    "qiskit~=2.4.0",
]
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"

[project]
name = "spectator_measures"
authors = [
    { name = "Qiskit Developer" },
]
version = "0.0.1"
dependencies = [
    "qiskit~=2.4.0",
]
# If you intend to release your package, you should
# also set the `license` information, and so on.

[tool.setuptools]
package-dir = {"" = "src"}

import qiskit
from setuptools import setup, Extension

core_ext = Extension(
    # The fully qualified module name of the extension.
    name="spectator_measures._core",
    # The C source files needed for the extension.  The file
    # name is conventionally `<mod>module.c`, where `<mod>`
    # is the module name (`_core`, in this case).
    sources=["src/spectator_measures/_coremodule.c"],
    # Directories containing additional header files used in
    # the build process.
    include_dirs=[qiskit.capi.get_include()],
)
setup(ext_modules=[core_ext])

from qiskit.transpiler import TransformationPass, Target
from . import _core

__version__ = "0.0.1"
__all__ = ["AddSpectatorMeasures"]


class AddSpectatorMeasures(TransformationPass):
    def __init__(
        self,
        target: Target,
        *,
        include_unmeasured: bool = False,
        creg_name: str | None = None,
        add_barrier: bool = True
    ):
        super().__init__()
        self.target = target
        self.include_unmeasured = include_unmeasured
        self.creg_name = creg_name
        self.add_barrier = add_barrier

    def run(self, dag):
        # Delegate to our C extension module.
        _core.add_spectator_measures(
            dag,
            self.target,
            include_unmeasured=self.include_unmeasured,
            creg_name=self.creg_name,
            add_barrier=self.add_barrier,
        )
        return dag

#define QISKIT_PYTHON_EXTENSION
#include <Python.h>
#include <qiskit.h>

#include <limits.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/**
 * The default name to use for `creg_name` if none is supplied.
 */
static char DEFAULT_CREG_NAME[] = "spec";

/**
 * Is there a 2q link from the given qubit to any active qubit?
 */
static bool adjacent_to_active(QkNeighbors *adj, uint32_t qubit,
                               bool *active) {
    for (uint32_t offset = adj->partition[qubit];
         offset < adj->partition[qubit + 1]; offset++) {
        if (active[adj->neighbors[offset]]) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

/**
 * A transpiler pass that adds terminal measurements to all "spectator"
 * qubits.
 */
static uint32_t add_spectator_measures(QkDag *dag,
                                       const QkTarget *target,
                                       bool include_unmeasured,
                                       const char *creg_name,
                                       bool add_barrier) {
    uint32_t num_spectators = 0;
    uint32_t num_qubits = qk_dag_num_qubits(dag);
    uint32_t num_instructions = qk_dag_num_op_nodes(dag);
    bool *active = calloc(num_qubits, sizeof(*active));
    bool *is_additional_spectator =
        calloc(num_qubits, sizeof(*is_additional_spectator));
    uint32_t *spectators = malloc(num_qubits * sizeof(*spectators));
    uint32_t *topological =
        malloc(num_instructions * sizeof(*topological));
    QkNeighbors neighbors;
    QkCircuitInstruction instruction;

    qk_neighbors_from_target(target, &neighbors);
    qk_dag_topological_op_nodes(dag, topological);

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_instructions; i++) {
        qk_dag_get_instruction(dag, topological[i], &instruction);
        if (!strcmp(instruction.name, "barrier")) {
            // Barriers don't count for the purposes of determining
            // final measurements, either.
            qk_circuit_instruction_clear(&instruction);
            continue;
        }
        // If we're not adding measurements to "unmeasured" active
        // qubits, then nothing counts as an additional "maybe
        // spectator".  If we are, then it's a maybe spectator if its
        // last visited instruction was not a measure.
        bool additional_spectator =
            include_unmeasured && strcmp(instruction.name, "measure");
        for (uint32_t *qarg = instruction.qubits;
             qarg != instruction.qubits + instruction.num_qubits;
             qarg++) {
            active[*qarg] = true;
            is_additional_spectator[*qarg] = additional_spectator;
        }
        qk_circuit_instruction_clear(&instruction);
    }

    for (uint32_t qubit = 0; qubit < num_qubits; qubit++) {
        bool is_spectator =
            !active[qubit] &&
            adjacent_to_active(&neighbors, qubit, active);
        is_spectator = is_spectator || is_additional_spectator[qubit];
        if (is_spectator) {
            spectators[num_spectators] = qubit;
            num_spectators += 1;
        }
    }

    if (num_spectators) {
        uint32_t clbit = qk_dag_num_clbits(dag);
        creg_name = creg_name ? creg_name : DEFAULT_CREG_NAME;
        QkClassicalRegister *creg =
            qk_classical_register_new(num_spectators, creg_name);
        qk_dag_add_classical_register(dag, creg);
        qk_classical_register_free(creg);
        if (add_barrier) {
            qk_dag_apply_barrier(dag, NULL, num_qubits, false);
        }
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_spectators; i++) {
            qk_dag_apply_measure(dag, spectators[i], clbit + i, false);
        }
    }

    qk_neighbors_clear(&neighbors);
    free(topological);
    free(spectators);
    free(is_additional_spectator);
    free(active);
    return num_spectators;
}

static PyObject *py_add_spectator_measures(PyObject *self,
                                           PyObject *args,
                                           PyObject *kwargs) {
    // Define space to hold the C-native handles we will parse out of the
    // Python-space inputs.
    QkDag *dag;
    QkTarget *target;
    const char *creg_name;
    int include_unmeasured, add_barrier;

    // This `kwlist` and `PyArg_Parse*` setup is standard Python C API
    // programming for extension modules.  We will examine the use of
    // Qiskit C API functions within it afterwards.
    static char *const kwlist[] = {
        "dag",       "target",      "include_unmeasured",
        "creg_name", "add_barrier", NULL};
    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "O&O&|pzp", kwlist,
                                     qk_dag_convert_from_python, &dag,
                                     qk_target_convert_from_python,
                                     &target, &include_unmeasured,
                                     &creg_name, &add_barrier)) {
        // An error has occurred. The Python exception state will already
        // be set, so we need to return the error indicator.
        return NULL;
    }

    // Now we have C-native types, we can delegate to our C logic.
    add_spectator_measures(dag, target, include_unmeasured, creg_name,
                           add_barrier);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyMethodDef core_methods[] = {
    // This entry is our function, cast to the correct type.
    {"add_spectator_measures",
     (PyCFunction)(void (*)(void))py_add_spectator_measures,
     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, ""},
    // A sentinel marking the end of the list.
    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL},
};
static struct PyModuleDef core_module = {
    .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
    .m_name = "_core",
    .m_methods = core_methods,
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__core(void) {
    // This line is critical to use the Qiskit C API. Your code will
    // likely be immediately terminated by the operating system if you
    // forget to do this.
    if (qk_import() < 0) {
        return NULL;
    };
    // The standard Python call to initialize a module.
    return PyModuleDef_Init(&core_module);
}

pip install .

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.transpiler import CouplingMap, Target
from spectator_measures import AddSpectatorMeasures

num_qubits = 10
qc = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits)
qc.x(0)
qc.x(5)

target = Target.from_configuration(
    basis_gates=["x", "sx", "rz", "cx"],
    num_qubits=num_qubits,
    coupling_map=CouplingMap.from_line(num_qubits),
)
pass_ = AddSpectatorMeasures(target)
pass_(qc).draw()

        ┌───┐ ░
   q_0: ┤ X ├─░──────────
        └───┘ ░ ┌─┐
   q_1: ──────░─┤M├──────
              ░ └╥┘
   q_2: ──────░──╫───────
              ░  ║
   q_3: ──────░──╫───────
              ░  ║ ┌─┐
   q_4: ──────░──╫─┤M├───
        ┌───┐ ░  ║ └╥┘
   q_5: ┤ X ├─░──╫──╫────
        └───┘ ░  ║  ║ ┌─┐
   q_6: ──────░──╫──╫─┤M├
              ░  ║  ║ └╥┘
   q_7: ──────░──╫──╫──╫─
              ░  ║  ║  ║
   q_8: ──────░──╫──╫──╫─
              ░  ║  ║  ║
   q_9: ──────░──╫──╫──╫─
              ░  ║  ║  ║
spec: 3/═════════╩══╩══╩═
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