원시 입력 및 출력

from qiskit.circuit import (
    Parameter,
    QuantumCircuit,
    ClassicalRegister,
    QuantumRegister,
)
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
from qiskit.primitives.containers import BitArray
from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorEstimator


import numpy as np

# Define a circuit with two parameters.
circuit = QuantumCircuit(2)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
circuit.ry(Parameter("a"), 0)
circuit.rz(Parameter("b"), 0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
circuit.h(0)

# Transpile the circuit without providing a backend
pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(optimization_level=1)
transpiled_circuit = pm.run(circuit)
layout = transpiled_circuit.layout

# Now define a sweep over parameter values, the last axis of dimension 2 is
# for the two parameters "a" and "b"
params = np.vstack(
    [
        np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 10),
        np.linspace(-4 * np.pi, 4 * np.pi, 10),
    ]
).T

# Define three observables. The inner length-1 lists cause this array of
# observables to have shape (3, 1), rather than shape (3,) if they were
# omitted.
observables = [
    [SparsePauliOp(["XX", "IY"], [0.5, 0.5])],
    [SparsePauliOp("XX")],
    [SparsePauliOp("IY")],
]
# Apply the same layout as the transpiled circuit.
observables = [
    [observable.apply_layout(layout) for observable in observable_set]
    for observable_set in observables
]

# Estimate the expectation value for all 300 combinations of observables
# and parameter values, where the pub result will have shape (3, 100).
#
# This shape is due to our array of parameter bindings having shape
# (100, 2), combined with our array of observables having shape (3, 1).
estimator = StatevectorEstimator()
estimator_pub = (transpiled_circuit, observables, params)

# Run the transpiled circuit
# using the set of parameters and observables.

job = estimator.run([estimator_pub])
result = job.result()

A1     (1d array):      1
A2     (2d array):  3 x 5
Result (2d array):  3 x 5


A1     (3d array):  11 x 2 x 7
A2     (3d array):  11 x 1 x 7
Result (3d array):  11 x 2 x 7

A1     (1d array):  5
A2     (1d array):  3

A1     (2d array):      2 x 1
# The following would work if the middle dimension were 2,
# instead of 5.
A2     (3d array):  6 x 5 x 4

# Broadcast single observable
parameter_values = np.random.uniform(size=(5,))  # shape (5,)
observables = SparsePauliOp("ZZZ")  # shape ()
# >> pub result has shape (5,)

# Zip
parameter_values = np.random.uniform(size=(5,))  # shape (5,)
observables = [
    SparsePauliOp(pauli) for pauli in ["III", "XXX", "YYY", "ZZZ", "XYZ"]
]  # shape (5,)
# >> pub result has shape (5,)

# Outer/Product
parameter_values = np.random.uniform(size=(1, 6))  # shape (1, 6)
observables = [
    [SparsePauliOp(pauli)] for pauli in ["III", "XXX", "YYY", "ZZZ"]
]  # shape (4, 1)
# >> pub result has shape (4, 6)

# Standard nd generalization
parameter_values = np.random.uniform(size=(3, 6))  # shape (3, 6)
observables = [
    [
        [SparsePauliOp(["XII"])],
        [SparsePauliOp(["IXI"])],
        [SparsePauliOp(["IIX"])],
    ],
    [
        [SparsePauliOp(["ZII"])],
        [SparsePauliOp(["IZI"])],
        [SparsePauliOp(["IIZ"])],
    ],
]  # shape (2, 3, 1)
# >> pub result has shape (2, 3, 6)

print(
    f"The result of the submitted job had {len(result)} PUB and "
    f"has a value:\n {result}\n"
)
print(
    f"The associated PubResult of this job has the following data bins:"
    f"\n {result[0].data}\n"
)
print(f"And this DataBin has attributes: {result[0].data.keys()}")
print(
    "Recall that this shape is due to our array of parameter binding sets "
    "having shape (100, 2) -- where 2 is the number of parameters in the circuit -- "
    "combined with our array of observables having shape (3, 1)."
)

print(
    f"The expectation values measured from this PUB are: \n{result[0].data.evs}"
)

from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorSampler

# generate a ten-qubit GHZ circuit
circuit = QuantumCircuit(10)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(range(0, 9), range(1, 10))

# append measurements with the `measure_all` method
circuit.measure_all()

# transpile the circuit
transpiled_circuit = pm.run(circuit)

sampler = StatevectorSampler()

# run the Sampler job and retrieve the results

job = sampler.run([transpiled_circuit])
result = job.result()

# the data bin contains one BitArray
data = result[0].data
print(f"Databin: {data}\n")

# to access the BitArray, use the key "meas", which is the default name of
# the classical register when this is added by the `measure_all` method
array = data.meas
print(f"BitArray: {array}\n")
print(f"The shape of register `meas` is {data.meas.array.shape}.\n")
print(f"The bytes in register `alpha`, shot by shot:\n{data.meas.array}\n")

# optionally convert the native BitArray format to a dictionary format
counts = data.meas.get_counts()
print(f"Counts: {counts}")

# generate a ten-qubit GHZ circuit with two classical registers
circuit = QuantumCircuit(
    qreg := QuantumRegister(10),
    alpha := ClassicalRegister(1, "alpha"),
    beta := ClassicalRegister(9, "beta"),
)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(range(0, 9), range(1, 10))

# append measurements with the `measure_all` method
circuit.measure([0], alpha)
circuit.measure(range(1, 10), beta)

# transpile the circuit
transpiled_circuit = pm.run(circuit)

# run the Sampler job and retrieve the results

job = sampler.run([transpiled_circuit])
result = job.result()

# the data bin contains two BitArrays, one per register, and can be accessed
# as attributes using the registers' names
data = result[0].data
print(f"BitArray for register 'alpha': {data.alpha}")
print(f"BitArray for register 'beta': {data.beta}")

print(f"The shape of register `alpha` is {data.alpha.array.shape}.")
print(f"The bytes in register `alpha`, shot by shot:\n{data.alpha.array}\n")

print(f"The shape of register `beta` is {data.beta.array.shape}.")
print(f"The bytes in register `beta`, shot by shot:\n{data.beta.array}\n")

# post-select the bitstrings of `beta` based on having sampled "1" in `alpha`
mask = data.alpha.array == "0b1"
ps_beta = data.beta[mask[:, 0]]
print(f"The shape of `beta` after post-selection is {ps_beta.array.shape}.")
print(f"The bytes in `beta` after post-selection:\n{ps_beta.array}")

# get a slice of `beta` to retrieve the first three bits
beta_sl_bits = data.beta.slice_bits([0, 1, 2])
print(
    f"The shape of `beta` after bit-wise slicing is {beta_sl_bits.array.shape}."
)
print(f"The bytes in `beta` after bit-wise slicing:\n{beta_sl_bits.array}\n")

# get a slice of `beta` to retrieve the bytes of the first five shots
beta_sl_shots = data.beta.slice_shots([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
print(
    f"The shape of `beta` after shot-wise slicing is {beta_sl_shots.array.shape}."
)
print(
    f"The bytes in `beta` after shot-wise slicing:\n{beta_sl_shots.array}\n"
)

# calculate the expectation value of diagonal operators on `beta`
ops = [SparsePauliOp("ZZZZZZZZZ"), SparsePauliOp("IIIIIIIIZ")]
exp_vals = data.beta.expectation_values(ops)
for o, e in zip(ops, exp_vals):
    print(f"Exp. val. for observable `{o}` is: {e}")

# concatenate the bitstrings in `alpha` and `beta` to "merge" the results
# of the two registers
merged_results = BitArray.concatenate_bits([data.alpha, data.beta])
print(f"\nThe shape of the merged results is {merged_results.array.shape}.")
print(f"The bytes of the merged results:\n{merged_results.array}\n")

# Print out the results metadata
print("The metadata of the PrimitiveResult is:")
for key, val in result.metadata.items():
    print(f"'{key}' : {val},")

print("\nThe metadata of the PubResult result is:")
for key, val in result[0].metadata.items():
    print(f"'{key}' : {val},")