동적 회로와의 장거리 얽힘

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, QuantumRegister, ClassicalRegister
from qiskit.circuit.classical import expr
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit.visualization import plot_circuit_layout
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import (
    QiskitRuntimeService,
    Batch,
    SamplerV2 as Sampler,
)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

distance = 6  # The distance of the CNOT gate, with the convention that a distance of zero is a nearest-neighbor CNOT.


def initialize_circuit(distance):
    assert distance >= 0
    control = 0  # control qubit
    n = distance  # number of qubits between target and control

    qr = QuantumRegister(
        n + 2, name="q"
    )  # Circuit with n qubits between control and target
    cr = ClassicalRegister(
        2, name="cr"
    )  # Classical register for measuring control and target qubits

    k = int(n / 2)  # Number of Bell States to be used

    allcr = [cr]
    if (
        distance > 1
    ):  # This classical register will be used to store ZZ measurements.
        # It is only used for long-range CX gates with distance > 1
        c1 = ClassicalRegister(
            k, name="c1"
        )  # Classical register needed for post processing
        allcr.append(c1)
    if (
        distance > 0
    ):  # This classical register will be used to store XX measurements.
        # It is only used if distance > 0
        c2 = ClassicalRegister(
            n - k, name="c2"
        )  # Classical register needed for post processing
        allcr.append(c2)

    qc = QuantumCircuit(qr, *allcr, name="CNOT")

    # Apply a Hadamard gate to the control qubit such that the
    # long-range CNOT gate will prepare a
    # Bell state (|00> + |11>)/sqrt(2)
    qc.h(control)

    return qc


qc = initialize_circuit(distance)
qc.draw(fold=-1, output="mpl", scale=0.5)

# Determine where to start the Bell pair chain and add an extra CNOT when n is odd
def check_even(n: int) -> int:
    """Return 1 if n is even, else 2."""
    return 1 if n % 2 == 0 else 2


def prepare_bell_pairs(qc, add_barriers=True):
    n = qc.num_qubits - 2  # number of qubits between target and control
    k = int(n / 2)

    if add_barriers:
        qc.barrier()

    x0 = check_even(n)
    if n % 2 != 0:
        qc.cx(0, 1)

    # Create k Bell pairs
    for i in range(k):
        qc.h(x0 + 2 * i)
        qc.cx(x0 + 2 * i, x0 + 2 * i + 1)
    return qc


qc = prepare_bell_pairs(qc)
qc.draw(output="mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.5)

def measure_bell_basis(qc, add_barriers=True):
    n = qc.num_qubits - 2  # number of qubits between target and control
    k = int(n / 2)

    if n > 1:
        _, c1, c2 = qc.cregs
    elif n > 0:
        _, c2 = qc.cregs

    # Determine where to start the Bell pair chain and add an extra CNOT
    # when n is odd
    x0 = 1 if n % 2 == 0 else 2

    # Entangling layer that implements the Bell measurement
    # (and additionally adds the CNOT to be
    # teleported, if n is even)
    for i in range(k + 1):
        qc.cx(x0 - 1 + 2 * i, x0 + 2 * i)

    for i in range(1, k + x0):
        if i == 1:
            qc.h(2 * i + 1 - x0)
        else:
            qc.h(2 * i + 1 - x0)

    if add_barriers:
        qc.barrier()

    # Map the ZZ measurements onto classical register c1
    for i in range(k):
        if i == 0:
            qc.measure(2 * i + x0, c1[i])
        else:
            qc.measure(2 * i + x0, c1[i])

    # Map the XX measurements onto classical register c2
    for i in range(1, k + x0):
        if i == 1:
            qc.measure(2 * i + 1 - x0, c2[i - 1])
        else:
            qc.measure(2 * i + 1 - x0, c2[i - 1])
    return qc


qc = measure_bell_basis(qc)
qc.draw(output="mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.5)

def apply_ffwd_corrections(qc):
    control = 0  # control qubit
    target = qc.num_qubits - 1  # target qubit
    n = qc.num_qubits - 2  # number of qubits between target and control

    k = int(n / 2)
    x0 = check_even(n)

    if n > 1:
        _, c1, c2 = qc.cregs
    elif n > 0:
        _, c2 = qc.cregs

    # First, let's compute the parity of all ZZ measurements
    for i in range(k):
        if i == 0:
            parity_ZZ = expr.lift(
                c1[i]
            )  # Store the value of the first ZZ measurement in parity_ZZ
        else:
            parity_ZZ = expr.bit_xor(
                c1[i], parity_ZZ
            )  # Successively compute the parity via XOR operations

    for i in range(1, k + x0):
        if i == 1:
            parity_XX = expr.lift(
                c2[i - 1]
            )  # Store the value of the first XX measurement in parity_XX
        else:
            parity_XX = expr.bit_xor(
                c2[i - 1], parity_XX
            )  # Successively compute the parity via XOR operations

    if n > 0:
        with qc.if_test(parity_XX):
            qc.z(control)

    if n > 1:
        with qc.if_test(parity_ZZ):
            qc.x(target)
    return qc


qc = apply_ffwd_corrections(qc)
qc.draw(output="mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.5)

def measure_in_basis(qc, basis="XX", add_barrier=True):
    control = 0  # control qubit
    target = qc.num_qubits - 1  # target qubit

    assert basis in ["XX", "YY", "ZZ"]

    qc = (
        qc.copy()
    )  # We copy the circuit because we want to measure in different bases
    cr = qc.cregs[0]

    if add_barrier:
        qc.barrier()

    if basis == "XX":
        qc.h(control)
        qc.h(target)
    elif basis == "YY":
        qc.sdg(control)
        qc.sdg(target)
        qc.h(control)
        qc.h(target)

    qc.measure(control, cr[0])
    qc.measure(target, cr[1])
    return qc


qc_YY = measure_in_basis(qc.copy(), basis="YY")
qc_YY.draw(
    output="mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.5
)  # Circuit for measuring in the YY basis

def lrcx(distance, prep_barrier=True, pre_measure_barrier=True):
    qc = initialize_circuit(distance)
    qc = prepare_bell_pairs(qc, prep_barrier)
    qc = measure_bell_basis(qc, pre_measure_barrier)
    qc = apply_ffwd_corrections(qc)
    return qc


qc = lrcx(distance)
# Apply the measurement in the XX, YY, and ZZ bases
qc_XX, qc_YY, qc_ZZ = [
    measure_in_basis(qc, basis=basis) for basis in ["XX", "YY", "ZZ"]
]

qc_YY.draw(
    output="mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.5
)  # Circuit for measuring in the YY basis

def cnot_unitary(distance):
    """Generate a long range CNOT gate using local CNOTs on a 1D
    chain of qubits subject to n
    nearest-neighbor connections only.


    Args:
        distance (int) : The distance of the CNOT gate,
        with the convention that
        a distance of 0 is a nearest-neighbor CNOT.

    Returns:
        QuantumCircuit: A Quantum Circuit implementing a
        long-range CNOT gate
        between qubit 0 and qubit distance+1
    """
    assert distance >= 0
    n = distance  # number of qubits between target and control

    qr = QuantumRegister(
        n + 2, name="q"
    )  # Circuit with n qubits between control and target
    cr = ClassicalRegister(
        2, name="cr"
    )  # Classical register for measuring control and target qubits

    qc = QuantumCircuit(qr, cr, name="CNOT_unitary")

    control_qubit = 0

    qc.h(control_qubit)  # Prepare the control qubit in the |+> state

    k = int(n / 2)
    qc.barrier()
    for i in range(control_qubit, control_qubit + k):
        qc.cx(i, i + 1)
        qc.cx(i + 1, i)
        qc.cx(-i - 1, -i - 2)
        qc.cx(-i - 2, -i - 1)
    if n % 2 == 1:
        qc.cx(k + 2, k + 1)
        qc.cx(k + 1, k + 2)
    qc.barrier()
    qc.cx(k, k + 1)
    for i in range(control_qubit, control_qubit + k):
        qc.cx(k - i, k - 1 - i)
        qc.cx(k - 1 - i, k - i)
        qc.cx(k + i + 1, k + i + 2)
        qc.cx(k + i + 2, k + i + 1)
    if n % 2 == 1:
        qc.cx(-2, -1)
        qc.cx(-1, -2)

    return qc


qc_uni = cnot_unitary(distance)

# Apply the measurement in the XX, YY, and ZZ bases
qc_uni_XX, qc_uni_YY, qc_uni_ZZ = [
    measure_in_basis(qc_uni, basis=basis) for basis in ["XX", "YY", "ZZ"]
]

qc_uni_YY.draw(
    output="mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.5
)  # Circuit for measuring in the YY basis

from qiskit_aer import AerSimulator

aer_backend = AerSimulator()
pm_sim = generate_preset_pass_manager(
    optimization_level=0, backend=aer_backend
)

# Dynamic circuits
isa_sim_dyn = pm_sim.run([qc_XX, qc_YY, qc_ZZ])

# Unitary circuits
isa_sim_uni = pm_sim.run([qc_uni_XX, qc_uni_YY, qc_uni_ZZ])

sampler_sim = Sampler(mode=aer_backend)
sim_job = sampler_sim.run(isa_sim_dyn + isa_sim_uni)
sim_results = sim_job.result()

def compute_ZZ_expectation(counts):
    total = sum(counts.values())
    expectation = 0
    for bitstring, count in counts.items():
        # Ensure bitstring is 2 bits
        z1 = (-1) ** (int(bitstring[-1]))
        z2 = (-1) ** (int(bitstring[-2]))
        expectation += z1 * z2 * count
    return expectation / total


def compute_fidelity(counts_xx, counts_yy, counts_zz):
    xx, yy, zz = [
        compute_ZZ_expectation(c) for c in [counts_xx, counts_yy, counts_zz]
    ]
    return 1 / 4 * (1 + xx - yy + zz)

# Dynamic fidelity
counts_xx = sim_results[0].data.cr.get_counts()
counts_yy = sim_results[1].data.cr.get_counts()
counts_zz = sim_results[2].data.cr.get_counts()
fidelity_dyn = compute_fidelity(counts_xx, counts_yy, counts_zz)

# Unitary fidelity
counts_xx = sim_results[3].data.cr.get_counts()
counts_yy = sim_results[4].data.cr.get_counts()
counts_zz = sim_results[5].data.cr.get_counts()
fidelity_uni = compute_fidelity(counts_xx, counts_yy, counts_zz)

print(f"Dynamic fidelity (distance={distance}): {fidelity_dyn:.4f}")
print(f"Unitary fidelity (distance={distance}): {fidelity_uni:.4f}")

# -------------------------Step 1-------------------------
distances = [
    0,
    1,
    2,
    3,
    6,
    11,
    16,
    21,
    28,
    35,
    44,
    55,
    60,
]  # Distances for long range CX. distance of 0 is a nearest-neighbor CX
distances.sort()
assert min(distances) >= 0
basis_list = ["XX", "YY", "ZZ"]

# Dynamic circuits
circuits_dyn = []
for distance in distances:
    for basis in basis_list:
        circuits_dyn.append(
            measure_in_basis(lrcx(distance, prep_barrier=False), basis=basis)
        )
print(f"Number of circuits: {len(circuits_dyn)}")

# Unitary circuits
circuits_uni = []
for distance in distances:
    for basis in basis_list:
        circuits_uni.append(
            measure_in_basis(cnot_unitary(distance), basis=basis)
        )

print(f"Number of circuits: {len(circuits_uni)}")

# -------------------------Step 2-------------------------
# Set up access to IBM Quantum devices
from qiskit.circuit import IfElseOp

service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.least_busy(
    operational=True, simulator=False, min_num_qubits=156
)

if "if_else" not in backend.target.operation_names:
    backend.target.add_instruction(IfElseOp, name="if_else")

# This selects best qubits for longest distance and uses
# the same control for all lengths
lf_qubits = backend.properties().to_dict()[
    "general_qlists"
]  # best linear chain qubits
chosen_layouts = {
    distance: [
        val["qubits"]
        for val in lf_qubits
        if val["name"] == f"lf_{distances[-1] + 2}"
    ][0][: distance + 2]
    for distance in distances
}
print(chosen_layouts[max(distances)])  # best qubits at each distance

isa_circuits_dyn = []
isa_circuits_uni = []

# Using the same initial layouts for both circuits for better
# apples to apples comparison
for qc in circuits_dyn:
    pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(
        optimization_level=1,
        backend=backend,
        initial_layout=chosen_layouts[qc.num_qubits - 2],
    )
    isa_circuits_dyn.append(pm.run(qc))

for qc in circuits_uni:
    pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(
        optimization_level=1,
        backend=backend,
        initial_layout=chosen_layouts[qc.num_qubits - 2],
    )
    isa_circuits_uni.append(pm.run(qc))

print(
    f"2Q depth: "
    f"{isa_circuits_dyn[14].depth(lambda x: x.operation.num_qubits == 2)}"
)
isa_circuits_dyn[14].draw("mpl", fold=-1, idle_wires=0)

print(
    f"2Q depth: "
    f"{isa_circuits_uni[14].depth(lambda x: x.operation.num_qubits == 2)}"
)
isa_circuits_uni[14].draw("mpl", fold=-1, idle_wires=False)

# Note: the qubit coordinates must be hard-coded.
# The backend API does not currently provide this information directly.
# If using a different backend, you will need to
# adjust the coordinates accordingly,
# or set the qubit_coordinates = None to use the default layout coordinates.


def _heron_coords_r2():
    """Generate coordinates for the Heron layout in R2. Note"""
    cord_map = np.array(
        [
            [
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7,
                8,
                9,
                10,
                11,
                12,
                13,
                14,
                15,
                3,
                7,
                11,
                15,
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7,
                8,
                9,
                10,
                11,
                12,
                13,
                14,
                15,
                1,
                5,
                9,
                13,
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7,
                8,
                9,
                10,
                11,
                12,
                13,
                14,
                15,
                3,
                7,
                11,
                15,
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7,
                8,
                9,
                10,
                11,
                12,
                13,
                14,
                15,
                1,
                5,
                9,
                13,
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7,
                8,
                9,
                10,
                11,
                12,
                13,
                14,
                15,
                3,
                7,
                11,
                15,
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7,
                8,
                9,
                10,
                11,
                12,
                13,
                14,
                15,
                1,
                5,
                9,
                13,
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7,
                8,
                9,
                10,
                11,
                12,
                13,
                14,
                15,
                3,
                7,
                11,
                15,
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7,
                8,
                9,
                10,
                11,
                12,
                13,
                14,
                15,
            ],
            -1
            * np.array([j for i in range(15) for j in [i] * [16, 4][i % 2]]),
        ],
        dtype=int,
    )

    hcords = []
    ycords = cord_map[0]
    xcords = cord_map[1]
    for i in range(156):
        hcords.append([xcords[i] + 1, np.abs(ycords[i]) + 1])

    return hcords


# Visualize the active qubits in the circuit layout
plot_circuit_layout(
    circuit=isa_circuits_uni[-1],
    backend=backend,
    view="physical",
    qubit_coordinates=_heron_coords_r2(),
)

# -------------------------Step 3-------------------------
num_trials = 10
jobs_uni = []
jobs_dyn = []
with Batch(backend=backend) as batch:
    sampler = Sampler(mode=batch)
    sampler.options.environment.job_tags = ["TUT_LRE"]
    for _ in range(num_trials):
        jobs_uni.append(sampler.run(isa_circuits_uni, shots=1024))
        jobs_dyn.append(sampler.run(isa_circuits_dyn, shots=1024))

# -------------------------Step 4-------------------------
fidelities_dyn = []

# loop over trials
for job in jobs_dyn:
    result_dyn = job.result()
    trial_fidelities = []
    # loop over all distances
    for ind, dist in enumerate(distances):
        counts_xx = result_dyn[ind * 3].data.cr.get_counts()
        counts_yy = result_dyn[ind * 3 + 1].data.cr.get_counts()
        counts_zz = result_dyn[ind * 3 + 2].data.cr.get_counts()
        trial_fidelities.append(
            compute_fidelity(counts_xx, counts_yy, counts_zz)
        )
    fidelities_dyn.append(trial_fidelities)
# average over trials for each distance
avg_fidelities_dyn = np.mean(fidelities_dyn, axis=0)
std_fidelities_dyn = np.std(fidelities_dyn, axis=0)

fidelities_uni = []

# loop over trials
for job in jobs_uni:
    result_uni = job.result()
    trial_fidelities = []
    # loop over all distances
    for ind, dist in enumerate(distances):
        counts_xx = result_uni[ind * 3].data.cr.get_counts()
        counts_yy = result_uni[ind * 3 + 1].data.cr.get_counts()
        counts_zz = result_uni[ind * 3 + 2].data.cr.get_counts()
        trial_fidelities.append(
            compute_fidelity(counts_xx, counts_yy, counts_zz)
        )
    fidelities_uni.append(trial_fidelities)
# average over trials for each distance
avg_fidelities_uni = np.mean(fidelities_uni, axis=0)
std_fidelities_uni = np.std(fidelities_uni, axis=0)

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

# Unitary with error bars
ax.errorbar(
    distances,
    avg_fidelities_uni,
    yerr=std_fidelities_uni,
    fmt="o-.",
    color="c",
    ecolor="c",
    elinewidth=1,
    capsize=4,
    label="Unitary",
)
# Dynamic with error bars
ax.errorbar(
    distances,
    avg_fidelities_dyn,
    yerr=std_fidelities_dyn,
    fmt="o-.",
    color="m",
    ecolor="m",
    elinewidth=1,
    capsize=4,
    label="Dynamic",
)
# Random gate baseline
ax.axhline(y=1 / 4, linestyle="--", color="gray", label="Random gate")

legend = ax.legend(frameon=True)
for text in legend.get_texts():
    text.set_color("black")
legend.get_frame().set_facecolor("white")
legend.get_frame().set_edgecolor("black")
ax.set_title(
    "Bell State Fidelity vs Control–Target Separation", color="black"
)
ax.set_xlabel("Distance", color="black")
ax.set_ylabel("Bell state fidelity", color="black")
ax.grid(linestyle=":", linewidth=0.6, alpha=0.4, color="gray")
ax.set_ylim((0.2, 1))
ax.set_facecolor("white")
fig.patch.set_facecolor("white")
for spine in ax.spines.values():
    spine.set_visible(True)
    spine.set_color("black")
ax.tick_params(axis="x", colors="black")
ax.tick_params(axis="y", colors="black")
plt.show()

# Compute metrics for each distance, skipping the basis circuits since
# they are identical for each distance
depths_2q_dyn = [
    c.depth(lambda x: x.operation.num_qubits == 2)
    for c in isa_circuits_dyn[::3]
]
meas_dyn = [
    sum(1 for instr in c.data if instr.operation.name == "measure")
    for c in isa_circuits_dyn[::3]
]

depths_2q_uni = [
    c.depth(lambda x: x.operation.num_qubits == 2)
    for c in isa_circuits_uni[::3]
]
meas_uni = [
    sum(1 for instr in c.data if instr.operation.name == "measure")
    for c in isa_circuits_uni[::3]
]

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))

axes[0].plot(
    distances, depths_2q_uni, "o-.", color="c", label="Unitary (2Q depth)"
)
axes[0].plot(
    distances, depths_2q_dyn, "o-.", color="m", label="Dynamic (2Q depth)"
)
axes[0].set_xlabel("Number of qubits between control and target")
axes[0].set_ylabel("Two-qubit depth")
axes[0].grid(True, linestyle=":", linewidth=0.6, alpha=0.4)
axes[0].legend()

axes[1].plot(
    distances, meas_uni, "o-.", color="c", label="Unitary (# measurements)"
)
axes[1].plot(
    distances, meas_dyn, "o-.", color="m", label="Dynamic (# measurements)"
)
axes[1].set_xlabel("Number of qubits between control and target")
axes[1].set_ylabel("Number of measurements")
axes[1].grid(True, linestyle=":", linewidth=0.6, alpha=0.4)
axes[1].legend()

fig.suptitle("Scaling of Unitary vs Dynamic LRCX with Distance", fontsize=12)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()