음영 처리된 광뿔을 이용한 확률적 오차 상쇄

from multiprocessing import set_start_method

# Setting this value prevents itertools.starmap deadlock on UNIX systems
set_start_method("spawn")

# Needed to prevent PySCF from parallelizing internally (SLC only)
%set_env OMP_NUM_THREADS=1

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager, PassManager

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import (
    QiskitRuntimeService,
    QuantumProgram,
    Executor,
    NoiseLearnerV3,
)

import samplomatic
from samplomatic.utils import find_unique_box_instructions
from samplomatic.transpiler import generate_boxing_pass_manager

from qiskit_addon_utils.exp_vals.measurement_bases import (
    get_measurement_bases,
)
from qiskit_addon_utils.exp_vals.expectation_values import (
    executor_expectation_values,
)
from qiskit_addon_utils.noise_management import (
    gamma_from_noisy_boxes,
    trex_factors,
)
from qiskit_addon_utils.noise_management.post_selection import PostSelector
from qiskit_addon_utils.noise_management.post_selection.transpiler.passes import (
    AddPostSelectionMeasures,
    AddSpectatorMeasures,
)

from qiskit_addon_slc.bounds import (
    compute_backward_bounds,
    compute_forward_bounds,
    compute_local_scales,
    merge_bounds,
    tighten_with_speed_limit,
)
from qiskit_addon_slc.utils import (
    generate_noise_model_paulis,
    map_modifier_ref_to_ref,
)
from qiskit_addon_slc.visualization import draw_shaded_lightcone

# Width of the Ising chain (a free parameter of this demonstration)
num_qubits = 20

# The observable to measure: one X component (on qubit 6) and one Z component
# (on qubit 13), as motivated in "Step 1: Map the problem" above
target_obs_sparse = [("XZ", [6, 13], 1.0)]

observable = SparsePauliOp.from_sparse_list(
    target_obs_sparse, num_qubits=num_qubits
)

# Determine the measurement basis each qubit requires for this observable.
# The reverser is used during post-processing in Step 4.
bases_virt, reverser_virt = get_measurement_bases(observable)

# Free parameters of the demonstration circuit: the number of Trotter steps
# sets the circuit depth, and rx_angle is the transverse-field rotation angle
# applied in each step (pi/4 makes the dynamics non-Clifford)
num_trotter_steps = 10
rx_angle = np.pi / 4

def construct_ising_circuit(
    num_qubits: int,
    num_trotter_steps: int,
    rx_angle: float,
) -> QuantumCircuit:
    circuit = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits)

    for _ in range(num_trotter_steps):
        circuit.rx(rx_angle, range(num_qubits))
        for first_qubit in (1, 2):
            for idx in range(first_qubit, num_qubits, 2):
                # equivalent to Rzz(-pi/2):
                circuit.sdg([idx - 1, idx])
                circuit.cz(idx - 1, idx)

    return circuit


def prepare_basis(
    circuit: QuantumCircuit, basis: list[int]
) -> QuantumCircuit:
    # basis is a list of integer values from 0 to 3. These map to the basis measurement as:
    # 0 = I; 1 = Z; 2 = X; 3 = Y
    assert len(basis) == circuit.num_qubits

    out_circ = circuit.copy_empty_like()
    for qb, bas in enumerate(basis):
        if bas == 2:
            out_circ.h(qb)
        elif bas == 3:
            out_circ.rx(-np.pi / 2, qb)

    out_circ.barrier()
    out_circ.compose(circuit, inplace=True)
    return out_circ


def mirror_circuit(circuit: QuantumCircuit) -> QuantumCircuit:
    mirror_circ = circuit.copy_empty_like()
    mirror_circ.compose(circuit.inverse(), inplace=True)
    mirror_circ.barrier()
    mirror_circ.compose(circuit, inplace=True)
    mirror_circ.measure_active()
    return mirror_circ

# Instantiate the mirrored circuit and prepend the basis-preparation gates
circuit = construct_ising_circuit(num_qubits, num_trotter_steps, rx_angle)
mirrored_circuit = mirror_circuit(circuit)
mirrored_circuit = prepare_basis(mirrored_circuit, bases_virt[0])

mirrored_circuit.draw(
    "mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.3, idle_wires=False, measure_arrows=False
)

# Initialize IBM Quantum Compute Service using your saved credentials
service = QiskitRuntimeService()

# Select the least busy Heron device. This tutorial targets Heron processors:
# the usage estimate and the non-Markovian-noise post-selection discussed in
# Step 4 are specific to this processor family.
backend = service.least_busy(
    operational=True,
    simulator=False,
    filters=lambda b: b.processor_type["family"] == "Heron",
)
# Re-fetch with fractional gates enabled (least_busy does not forward this)
# Fractional gates are enabled so the non-Clifford Rx rotations are supported natively.
backend = service.backend(backend.name, use_fractional_gates=True)
print(f"Selected backend: {backend.name}")

isa_pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(backend=backend, optimization_level=1)

isa_circuit = isa_pm.run(mirrored_circuit)

# The chain of physical qubits selected by the transpiler
layout = isa_circuit.layout.final_index_layout()
print(f"Selected layout: {layout}")

isa_observable = observable.apply_layout(
    layout, num_qubits=isa_circuit.num_qubits
)

wire_order = layout + [
    q for q in range(isa_circuit.num_qubits) if q not in layout
]
isa_circuit.draw(
    "mpl",
    fold=-1,
    scale=0.3,
    idle_wires=False,
    wire_order=wire_order,
    measure_arrows=False,
)

# Box circuit with Twirl and InjectNoise annotations
boxes_pm = generate_boxing_pass_manager(
    twirling_strategy="active",
    inject_noise_strategy="individual_modification",
    inject_noise_site="after",
    inject_noise_targets="gates",
    measure_annotations="all",
)


boxed_circuit = boxes_pm.run(isa_circuit)

# Find the unique instructions (layers) from boxed circuit
unique_2q_instructions = find_unique_box_instructions(
    boxed_circuit, normalize_annotations=None, undress_boxes=True
)

boxed_circuit.draw(
    "mpl",
    fold=-1,
    scale=0.3,
    idle_wires=False,
    wire_order=wire_order,
    measure_arrows=False,
)

# Determine the canonical qubits order
meas_box = boxed_circuit.data[-1]
canonical_qubits = [
    idx
    for idx, qubit in enumerate(boxed_circuit.qubits)
    if qubit in meas_box.qubits
]

# map canonical qubit to physical (isa) qubit
c_2_p = {c: p for c, p in enumerate(canonical_qubits)}
# map physical (isa) qubit to virtual qubit (index in original circuit)
p_2_v = {p: v for v, p in enumerate(layout)}
# compute map between virtual and canonical qubit indices.
c_2_v = {c: p_2_v[p] for c, p in c_2_p.items()}

assert len(c_2_v) == num_qubits

bases_canon = [
    np.array([base_i[c_2_v[c]] for c in range(num_qubits)], dtype=np.uint8)
    for base_i in bases_virt
]

noise_model_paulis = generate_noise_model_paulis(
    unique_2q_instructions, backend.coupling_map, boxed_circuit
)

noise_model_rates = {ref: None for ref in noise_model_paulis}

slc_atol = 1e-8
slc_eigval_max_qubits = 18
slc_evolution_max_terms = 1000
slc_num_processes = 8
slc_timeout = 60

forward_bounds = compute_forward_bounds(
    boxed_circuit,
    noise_model_paulis,
    isa_observable,
    evolution_max_terms=slc_evolution_max_terms,
    eigval_max_qubits=slc_eigval_max_qubits,
    atol=slc_atol,
    num_processes=slc_num_processes,
    timeout=slc_timeout,
)

for p in "XYZ":
    display(
        draw_shaded_lightcone(
            boxed_circuit,
            forward_bounds,
            noise_model_paulis,
            pauli_filter=p,
            scale=0.15,
            fold=-1,
            idle_wires=False,
            wire_order=wire_order,
            measure_arrows=False,
        )
    )

forward_bounds_tighter = tighten_with_speed_limit(
    forward_bounds, boxed_circuit, noise_model_paulis, isa_observable
)

for p in "XYZ":
    display(
        draw_shaded_lightcone(
            boxed_circuit,
            forward_bounds_tighter,
            noise_model_paulis,
            pauli_filter=p,
            scale=0.15,
            fold=-1,
            idle_wires=False,
            wire_order=wire_order,
            measure_arrows=False,
        )
    )

backward_bounds = compute_backward_bounds(
    boxed_circuit,
    noise_model_paulis,
    evolution_max_terms=slc_evolution_max_terms,
    num_processes=slc_num_processes,
    timeout=slc_timeout,
)

for p in "XYZ":
    display(
        draw_shaded_lightcone(
            boxed_circuit,
            backward_bounds,
            noise_model_paulis,
            pauli_filter=p,
            scale=0.15,
            fold=-1,
            idle_wires=False,
            wire_order=wire_order,
            measure_arrows=False,
        )
    )

merged_bounds = merge_bounds(
    boxed_circuit,
    forward_bounds_tighter,
    backward_bounds,
    noise_model_rates,
)

for p in "XYZ":
    display(
        draw_shaded_lightcone(
            boxed_circuit,
            merged_bounds,
            noise_model_paulis,
            pauli_filter=p,
            scale=0.15,
            fold=-1,
            idle_wires=False,
            wire_order=wire_order,
            measure_arrows=False,
        )
    )

post_selection_enabled = True

# Match the deepest noise-learning depth to the depth of the circuit being
# mitigated. NLv3 ``layer_pair_depths`` are measured in layer pairs (a layer
# plus its inverse), so the deepest value is half the circuit's two-qubit-layer
# depth. Learning to this depth markedly improves the quality of the mitigation.
#
# We measure the two-qubit-layer depth on the pre-boxed ISA circuit: after
# boxing, every two-qubit gate is hidden inside a full-width ``BoxOp``, so a
# ``num_qubits == 2`` filter on ``boxed_circuit`` matches nothing (and
# ``QuantumCircuit.depth`` does not recurse into boxes).
depth_2q = isa_circuit.depth(lambda instr: instr.operation.num_qubits == 2)
max_layer_pair_depth = depth_2q // 2  # dividing by 2 since we want pairs

# Use a fixed schedule of learning depths, but drop any that exceed the circuit's
# depth and always cap the deepest value at ``max_layer_pair_depth`` so we never
# learn deeper than the circuit being mitigated.
candidate_depths = [1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48]
layer_pair_depths = sorted(
    {d for d in candidate_depths if d < max_layer_pair_depth}
    | {max_layer_pair_depth}
)

noise_learner_options = {
    "num_randomizations": 64,
    "shots_per_randomization": 128,
    "layer_pair_depths": layer_pair_depths,
    "post_selection": {
        "enable": post_selection_enabled,
        "strategy": "edge",
        "x_pulse_type": "rx",
    },
    "environment": {"job_tags": ["TUT_SLC"]},
}

noise_learner = NoiseLearnerV3(backend, noise_learner_options)

noise_learner_job = noise_learner.run(unique_2q_instructions)

noise_learner_result = noise_learner_job.result()

if post_selection_enabled:
    print(
        "Minimum fraction of shots kept for noise learning experiments: ",
        end="",
    )
    print(
        f"{min([min(d.values()) for d in [nlr.metadata['post_selection']['fraction_kept'] for nlr in noise_learner_result[:2]]]):.2f}"
    )

# Get a dict mapping each InjectNoise.ref to its learned PauliLindbladMap
refs_2_plm = noise_learner_result.to_dict(
    unique_2q_instructions, require_refs=False
)

merged_bounds = merge_bounds(
    boxed_circuit,
    forward_bounds_tighter,
    backward_bounds,
    refs_2_plm,
)

id_map = map_modifier_ref_to_ref(boxed_circuit)

summed_rates = 0.0
for box_id, noise_id in id_map.items():
    learned_plm = refs_2_plm[noise_id]
    summed_rates += np.sum(learned_plm.rates)
    # print(f"{box_id}:\tgamma = {np.exp(2 * summed_rates):1.6e}\tsampling cost = {np.exp(4 * summed_rates):1.6e}")
total_gamma = np.exp(2 * summed_rates)
print(
    f"Full PEC gamma={total_gamma}, sampling cost (gamma^2) = {total_gamma**2}"
)

biases = []
costs = []
for bias in [0.0] + np.arange(0.001, 0.102, 0.01).tolist():
    _, cost_, bias_ = compute_local_scales(
        boxed_circuit,
        merged_bounds,
        refs_2_plm,
        sampling_cost_budget=np.inf,
        bias_tolerance=bias,
    )
    biases.append(bias_)
    costs.append(cost_)

xticks = np.arange(0, 11)

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.scatter(
    [0], [total_gamma**2], marker="D", c="tab:orange", label="full PEC"
)
ax.plot(
    100 * np.array(biases),
    np.array(costs),
    "o-",
    c="tab:blue",
    label="PEC+SLC",
)
ax.set_yscale("log")
ax.set_xticks(xticks, [f"{x:.1f}" for x in xticks])

ax.set_xlabel("Remaining bias [%]")
ax.set_ylabel(r"Sampling overhead, $\gamma^2$")
ax.grid()
ax.legend()
fig.suptitle("PEC sampling overhead reduction due to SLC")

chosen_bias_thres = 0.1

local_scales, sampling_cost, residual_bias_bound = compute_local_scales(
    boxed_circuit,
    merged_bounds,
    refs_2_plm,
    sampling_cost_budget=np.inf,
    bias_tolerance=chosen_bias_thres,
)
print(
    f"PEC+SLC sampling cost (gamma^2) = {sampling_cost} "
    f"w/ remaining bias = {100 * residual_bias_bound:.1f}%"
)

# Build template circuit and samplex for later use with the "Executor"
template_circuit, samplex = samplomatic.build(boxed_circuit)

# Set up postselection if it's been enabled
if post_selection_enabled:
    # Set up post selection PM (to add PS instructions)
    post_selection_pm = PassManager(
        [
            AddSpectatorMeasures(backend.coupling_map),
            AddPostSelectionMeasures(x_pulse_type="rx"),
        ]
    )
    final_template_circuit = post_selection_pm.run(template_circuit)
else:
    final_template_circuit = template_circuit

num_randomizations = 4096
shots_per_randomization = 64
chunk_size = 256

# Set up QuantumProgram
program = QuantumProgram(shots=shots_per_randomization, noise_maps=refs_2_plm)

# no EM

# Collect up a dict of the other arguments that need to be bound to samplex_inputs
samplex_inputs = {
    f"noise_scales.{ref}": float(0) for ref in local_scales.keys()
}
samplex_inputs |= {"basis_changes": {"basis0": bases_canon[0]}}

# Convert samplex_inputs into a dict to pass to QuantumProgram
samplex_arguments = (
    samplex.inputs().bind(**samplex_inputs).make_broadcastable()
)

program.append_samplex_item(
    circuit=final_template_circuit,
    samplex=samplex,
    samplex_arguments=samplex_arguments,
    shape=(num_randomizations,),
    chunk_size=chunk_size,
)

# plain PEC

# Collect a dict of the other arguments that need to be bound to samplex_inputs
samplex_inputs = {
    f"noise_scales.{ref}": float(-1) for ref in local_scales.keys()
}
samplex_inputs |= {"basis_changes": {"basis0": bases_canon[0]}}

# Convert samplex_inputs into a dict to pass to QuantumProgram
samplex_arguments = (
    samplex.inputs().bind(**samplex_inputs).make_broadcastable()
)

program.append_samplex_item(
    circuit=final_template_circuit,
    samplex=samplex,
    samplex_arguments=samplex_arguments,
    shape=(num_randomizations,),
    chunk_size=chunk_size,
)

# PEC+SLC

# Collect a dict of the other arguments that need to be bound to samplex_inputs
samplex_inputs = {
    f"noise_scales.{ref}": float(-1) for ref in local_scales.keys()
}
samplex_inputs |= {"basis_changes": {"basis0": bases_canon[0]}}
samplex_inputs |= {"local_scales": local_scales}

# Convert samplex_inputs into a dict to pass to QuantumProgram
samplex_arguments = (
    samplex.inputs().bind(**samplex_inputs).make_broadcastable()
)

program.append_samplex_item(
    circuit=final_template_circuit,
    samplex=samplex,
    samplex_arguments=samplex_arguments,
    shape=(num_randomizations,),
    chunk_size=chunk_size,
)

executor = Executor(backend)

job_exec = executor.run(program)

results_exec = job_exec.result()

measurement_noise_map = noise_learner_result[2].to_pauli_lindblad_map()
trex_scale_factors = trex_factors(measurement_noise_map, reverser_virt)

post_selection_strategy = "node"

def post_process_conv(datum, steps=16, gamma=None, ps=False, trex=False):
    meas = datum["meas"]
    flips = datum["measurement_flips.meas"]
    signs = datum.get("pauli_signs", None)

    meas_basis_axis = None
    avg_axis = 0

    mask = None
    if ps and post_selection_enabled:
        # Post-select the results
        post_selector = PostSelector.from_circuit(
            circuit=final_template_circuit, coupling_map=backend.coupling_map
        )

        # Compute the ps mask for filtering results
        mask = post_selector.compute_mask(
            datum, strategy=post_selection_strategy
        )

        # Compute fraction of shots kept from post selection
        total_num_shots = num_randomizations * shots_per_randomization
        ps_ratio = np.sum(mask) * 100 / total_num_shots / len(bases_canon)
        print(
            f"With {post_selection_strategy}-based post selection ({ps_ratio:.1f}% of shots kept):"
        )

    results = []
    for i in range(steps, num_randomizations + 1, steps):
        # Compute mitigated expvals w/out post-selection
        res = executor_expectation_values(
            meas[:i],
            reverser_virt,
            meas_basis_axis,
            avg_axis=avg_axis,
            measurement_flips=flips[:i],
            pauli_signs=signs[:i] if signs is not None else None,
            postselect_mask=mask[:i] if mask is not None else None,
            rescale_factors=trex_scale_factors if trex else None,
            gamma_factor=gamma,
        )
        results.append(res[0])
    return results

gamma_pec = gamma_from_noisy_boxes(refs_2_plm, id_map)
gamma_slc = gamma_from_noisy_boxes(refs_2_plm, id_map, local_scales)

steps = 16

results = {}

for label, result_idx, gamma, use_ps, use_trex in [
    ("PEC", 1, gamma_pec, True, True),
    ("PEC+SLC", 2, gamma_slc, True, True),
    ("Unmitigated", 0, None, False, False),
]:
    res = post_process_conv(
        results_exec[result_idx],
        steps=steps,
        gamma=gamma,
        ps=use_ps,
        trex=use_trex,
    )
    results[label] = res

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(12, 6))

ax.axhline(1.0, color="black", label="Exact")
ax.fill_between(
    [-50, 4100], -10, 0, color="grey", alpha=0.25, label="Unphysical"
)
ax.fill_between([-50, 4100], 1, 10, color="grey", alpha=0.25)
ax.fill_between(
    [-50, 4100], 0.9, 1.1, color="red", alpha=0.25, label="10% bias"
)

for label, res in results.items():
    ax.errorbar(
        list(range(steps, num_randomizations + 1, steps)),
        [r[0] for r in res],
        yerr=[r[1] for r in res],
        alpha=0.75,
        marker="o",
        linestyle="",
        markerfacecolor="none",
        label=label,
    )

ax.set_ylabel(r"$\langle X_{6}Z_{13}\rangle$")
ax.set_xlabel("# randomizations")
ax.grid()

ax.legend(ncols=2)
ax.set_ylim([-0.1, 2.0])
ax.set_xlim([-50, 4100])