SuperOp
class qiskit.quantum_info.SuperOp(data, input_dims=None, output_dims=None)
Bases: QuantumChannel
Superoperator representation of a quantum channel.
The Superoperator representation of a quantum channel is a matrix such that the evolution of a DensityMatrix is given by
where the double-ket notation denotes a vector formed by stacking the columns of the matrix (column-vectorization).
See reference [1] for further details.
References
- C.J. Wood, J.D. Biamonte, D.G. Cory, Tensor networks and graphical calculus for open quantum systems, Quant. Inf. Comp. 15, 0579-0811 (2015). arXiv:1111.6950 [quant-ph]
Initialize a quantum channel Superoperator operator.
Parameters
- data (QuantumCircuit |circuit.instruction.Instruction | BaseOperator | np.ndarray) – data to initialize superoperator.
- input_dims (tuple | None) – the input subsystem dimensions.
- output_dims (tuple | None) – the output subsystem dimensions.
Raises
QiskitError – if input data cannot be initialized as a superoperator.
Additional Information:
If the input or output dimensions are None, they will be automatically determined from the input data. If the input data is a Numpy array of shape (4**N, 4**N) qubit systems will be used. If the input operator is not an N-qubit operator, it will assign a single subsystem with dimension specified by the shape of the input.
Attributes
atol
Default value: 1e-08
data
Return data.
dim
Return tuple (input_shape, output_shape).
num_qubits
Return the number of qubits if a N-qubit operator or None otherwise.
qargs
Return the qargs for the operator.
rtol
Default value: 1e-05
settings
Return settings.
Methods
adjoint
adjoint()
Return the adjoint quantum channel.
This is equivalent to the matrix Hermitian conjugate in the SuperOp representation ie. for a channel , the SuperOp of the adjoint channel is .
compose
compose(other, qargs=None, front=False)
Return the operator composition with another SuperOp.
Parameters
- other (SuperOp) – a SuperOp object.
- qargs (list or None) – a list of subsystem positions to apply other on. If None apply on all subsystems (default: None).
- front (bool) – If True compose using right operator multiplication, instead of left multiplication [default: False].
Returns
The composed SuperOp.
Return type
Raises
QiskitError – if other cannot be converted to an operator, or has incompatible dimensions for specified subsystems.
Composition (&) by default is defined as left matrix multiplication for matrix operators, while @ (equivalent to dot()) is defined as right matrix multiplication. That is that A & B == A.compose(B) is equivalent to B @ A == B.dot(A) when A and B are of the same type.
Setting the front=True kwarg changes this to right matrix multiplication and is equivalent to the dot() method A.dot(B) == A.compose(B, front=True).
conjugate
conjugate()
Return the conjugate quantum channel.
This is equivalent to the matrix complex conjugate in the SuperOp representation ie. for a channel , the SuperOp of the conjugate channel is .
copy
dot
dot(other, qargs=None)
Return the right multiplied operator self * other.
Parameters
- other (Operator) – an operator object.
- qargs (list or None) – a list of subsystem positions to apply other on. If None apply on all subsystems (default: None).
Returns
The right matrix multiplied Operator.
Return type
The dot product can be obtained using the @ binary operator. Hence a.dot(b) is equivalent to a @ b.
expand
expand(other)
Return the reverse-order tensor product with another SuperOp.
Parameters
other (SuperOp) – a SuperOp object.
Returns
the tensor product , where
is the current SuperOp, and is the other SuperOp.
Return type
input_dims
is_cp
is_cp(atol=None, rtol=None)
Test if Choi-matrix is completely-positive (CP)
Parameters
Return type
is_cptp
is_cptp(atol=None, rtol=None)
Return True if completely-positive trace-preserving (CPTP).
Parameters
Return type
is_tp
is_unitary
is_unitary(atol=None, rtol=None)
Return True if QuantumChannel is a unitary channel.
Parameters
Return type
output_dims
power
power(n)
Return the power of the quantum channel.
Parameters
n (float) – the power exponent.
Returns
the channel .
Return type
Raises
QiskitError – if the input and output dimensions of the SuperOp are not equal.
For non-positive or non-integer exponents the power is defined as the matrix power of the SuperOp representation ie. for a channel , the SuperOp of the powered channel is .
reshape
reshape(input_dims=None, output_dims=None, num_qubits=None)
Return a shallow copy with reshaped input and output subsystem dimensions.
Parameters
- input_dims (None or tuple) – new subsystem input dimensions. If None the original input dims will be preserved [Default: None].
- output_dims (None or tuple) – new subsystem output dimensions. If None the original output dims will be preserved [Default: None].
- num_qubits (None or int) – reshape to an N-qubit operator [Default: None].
Returns
returns self with reshaped input and output dimensions.
Return type
BaseOperator
Raises
QiskitError – if combined size of all subsystem input dimension or subsystem output dimensions is not constant.
tensor
tensor(other)
Return the tensor product with another SuperOp.
Parameters
other (SuperOp) – a SuperOp object.
Returns
the tensor product , where
is the current SuperOp, and is the other SuperOp.
Return type
The tensor product can be obtained using the ^ binary operator. Hence a.tensor(b) is equivalent to a ^ b.
to_instruction
to_instruction()
Convert to a Kraus or UnitaryGate circuit instruction.
If the channel is unitary it will be added as a unitary gate, otherwise it will be added as a kraus simulator instruction.
Returns
A kraus instruction for the channel.
Return type
Raises
QiskitError – if input data is not an N-qubit CPTP quantum channel.