샘플러의 입력 및 출력

from qiskit.circuit import (
    Parameter,
    QuantumCircuit,
    ClassicalRegister,
    QuantumRegister,
)
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
from qiskit.primitives.containers import BitArray

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import (
    QiskitRuntimeService,
    SamplerV2 as Sampler,
)

import numpy as np

# Instantiate runtime service and get
# the least busy backend
service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.least_busy(operational=True, simulator=False)

# Define a circuit with two parameters.
circuit = QuantumCircuit(2)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
circuit.ry(Parameter("a"), 0)
circuit.rz(Parameter("b"), 0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.measure_all()

# Transpile the circuit
pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(optimization_level=1, backend=backend)
transpiled_circuit = pm.run(circuit)
layout = transpiled_circuit.layout

# Now define a sweep over parameter values, the last axis of dimension 2 is
# for the two parameters "a" and "b"
params = np.vstack(
    [
        np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 100),
        np.linspace(-4 * np.pi, 4 * np.pi, 100),
    ]
).T

sampler_pub = (transpiled_circuit, params)

# Instantiate the new Sampler object, then run the transpiled circuit
# using the set of parameters and observables.
sampler = Sampler(mode=backend)
job = sampler.run([sampler_pub])
result = job.result()

# generate a ten-qubit GHZ circuit
circuit = QuantumCircuit(10)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(range(0, 9), range(1, 10))

# append measurements with the `measure_all` method
circuit.measure_all()

# transpile the circuit
transpiled_circuit = pm.run(circuit)

# run the Sampler job and retrieve the results
sampler = Sampler(mode=backend)
job = sampler.run([transpiled_circuit])
result = job.result()

# the data bin contains one BitArray
data = result[0].data
print(f"Databin: {data}\n")

# to access the BitArray, use the key "meas", which is the default name of
# the classical register when this is added by the `measure_all` method
array = data.meas
print(f"BitArray: {array}\n")
print(f"The shape of register `meas` is {data.meas.array.shape}.\n")
print(f"The bytes in register `alpha`, shot by shot:\n{data.meas.array}\n")

# optionally, convert away from the native BitArray format to a dictionary format
counts = data.meas.get_counts()
print(f"Counts: {counts}")

# generate a ten-qubit GHZ circuit with two classical registers
circuit = QuantumCircuit(
    qreg := QuantumRegister(10),
    alpha := ClassicalRegister(1, "alpha"),
    beta := ClassicalRegister(9, "beta"),
)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(range(0, 9), range(1, 10))

# append measurements with the `measure_all` method
circuit.measure([0], alpha)
circuit.measure(range(1, 10), beta)

# transpile the circuit
transpiled_circuit = pm.run(circuit)

# run the Sampler job and retrieve the results
sampler = Sampler(mode=backend)
job = sampler.run([transpiled_circuit])
result = job.result()

# the data bin contains two BitArrays, one per register, and can be accessed
# as attributes using the registers' names
data = result[0].data
print(f"BitArray for register 'alpha': {data.alpha}")
print(f"BitArray for register 'beta': {data.beta}")

print(f"The shape of register `alpha` is {data.alpha.array.shape}.")
print(f"The bytes in register `alpha`, shot by shot:\n{data.alpha.array}\n")

print(f"The shape of register `beta` is {data.beta.array.shape}.")
print(f"The bytes in register `beta`, shot by shot:\n{data.beta.array}\n")

# post-select the bitstrings of `beta` based on having sampled "1" in `alpha`
mask = data.alpha.array == "0b1"
ps_beta = data.beta[mask[:, 0]]
print(f"The shape of `beta` after post-selection is {ps_beta.array.shape}.")
print(f"The bytes in `beta` after post-selection:\n{ps_beta.array}")

# get a slice of `beta` to retrieve the first three bits
beta_sl_bits = data.beta.slice_bits([0, 1, 2])
print(
    f"The shape of `beta` after bit-wise slicing is {beta_sl_bits.array.shape}."
)
print(f"The bytes in `beta` after bit-wise slicing:\n{beta_sl_bits.array}\n")

# get a slice of `beta` to retrieve the bytes of the first five shots
beta_sl_shots = data.beta.slice_shots([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
print(
    f"The shape of `beta` after shot-wise slicing is {beta_sl_shots.array.shape}."
)
print(
    f"The bytes in `beta` after shot-wise slicing:\n{beta_sl_shots.array}\n"
)

# calculate the expectation value of diagonal operators on `beta`
ops = [SparsePauliOp("ZZZZZZZZZ"), SparsePauliOp("IIIIIIIIZ")]
exp_vals = data.beta.expectation_values(ops)
for o, e in zip(ops, exp_vals):
    print(f"Exp. val. for observable `{o}` is: {e}")

# concatenate the bitstrings in `alpha` and `beta` to "merge" the results of the two
# registers
merged_results = BitArray.concatenate_bits([data.alpha, data.beta])
print(f"\nThe shape of the merged results is {merged_results.array.shape}.")
print(f"The bytes of the merged results:\n{merged_results.array}\n")

# Print out the results metadata
print("The metadata of the PrimitiveResult is:")
for key, val in result.metadata.items():
    print(f"'{key}' : {val},")

print("\nThe metadata of the PubResult result is:")
for key, val in result[0].metadata.items():
    print(f"'{key}' : {val},")

# Define two circuits, each with one parameter with two parameters.
circuit = QuantumCircuit(2)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
circuit.ry(Parameter("a"), 0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
circuit.h(0)
circuit.measure_all()


pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(optimization_level=1, backend=backend)
transpiled_circuit = pm.run(circuit)

params = np.random.uniform(size=(2, 3)).T

sampler_pub = (transpiled_circuit, params)

# Instantiate the new Estimator object, then run the transpiled circuit
# using the set of parameters and observables.

job = sampler.run([sampler_pub], shots=4)

result = job.result()
spans = job.result().metadata["execution"]["execution_spans"]
print(spans)

from qiskit.primitives import BitArray

# Get the mask of the 1st PUB for the 0th span.
mask = spans[0].mask(0)

# Decide whether the 0th shot of parameter set (1, 2) occurred in this span.
in_this_span = mask[2, 1, 0]

# Create a new bit array containing only the PUB-1 data collected during this span.
bits = result[0].data.meas
filtered_data = BitArray(bits.array[mask], bits.num_bits)

# take the subset of spans that reference data in PUBs 0 or 2
spans.filter_by_pub([0, 2])

print("Number of execution spans:", len(spans))
print("  Start of the first span:", spans.start)
print("     End of the last span:", spans.stop)
print("       Total duration (s):", spans.duration)

spans.sort()
print(" Start of first span:", spans[0].start)
print("   End of first span:", spans[0].stop)
print("#shots in first span:", spans[0].size)